About 70 percent of the cattle in 1987 were in the highlands (commonly involved in transhumance),[26] and the remaining 30 percent were kept by nomadic pastoralists in the lowland areas. In this regard, the CSA conducts, produces, disseminates and administers data generated from surveys and censuses in Ethiopia. A major subsistence crop, barley is used as food and in the production of tella, a locally produced beer. During the 1970s, coffee exports accounted for 50-60% of the total value of all exports, although coffee's share dropped to 25% as a result of the economic dislocation following the 1974 revolution. Grain imports are almost exclusively limited to wheat, nearly all of which the GOEs state-trading arm (i.e., Ethiopian Trading Business Corporation) purchases off the international market and later distributes in the local market at a subsidized price. The food deficit estimate for the 198589 period indicated that production averaged about 6 million tons while demand reached about 10 million tons, thus creating an annual deficit of roughly 4 million tons. }, author={Tesfaye Haile}, journal={Ethiopian Journal of Agricultural Sciences}, year={1988}, volume={10}, pages={85-97} } T. Haile; Published 14 July 1988; Geography; Ethiopian Journal of Agricultural Sciences The particular GE cotton variety of interest is a product that is resistant to cotton bollworm, which is a pest challenge many farmers struggle to manage. Except in Tigray region, the pilot agro-industrial parks have launched operations. During the rainy seasons, water and grass are generally plentiful, but with the onset of the dry season, forage is generally insufficient to keep animals nourished and able to resist disease. The amount of coffee inspected in the fiscal year 20072008 by the Ethiopian Coffee and Tea Authority (ECTA) was 230,247 tons, a decrease of almost 3% from the previous fiscal year's total of 236,714 tons. Source: Source: USDA/Foreign Agriculture Service, Addis Ababa, Total Market Size = (Total Local Production + Total Imports) (Total Exports). Where the topography permits, they are suitable for farming. However, the removal of arable land for conservation projects has threatened the welfare of increasing numbers of rural poor. Agriculture accounts for 36% percent of the nation's Gross domestic Product (GDP) as of 2020. While by 1988 a total of 3600 Service Cooperatives were serving 4.4 million households and almost 4000 Producer cooperatives comprising 302,600 households had been founded, in that year they represented only 5.5% of national cereal production. Develop a legal framework for agriculture-specific financial services such as micro-lending, crop insurance and forward contracts. Matou, P., Y. Todo, et al. [7], Before the Ethiopian Revolution, pulses and oilseeds played an important role, second only to coffee, in the country's exports. The Tendaho Cotton Plantation in the lower Awash Valley was one of Ethiopia's largest cotton plantations. <i>Objective</i>. The expected growth from these agriculture-related industries offers numerous opportunities for agricultural input sales, such as tractors and harvesters, farm trucks, fertilizer, irrigation equipment, grain handling systems, food and livestock processing equipment, as well as cold storage facilities. With the GOE looking to partially liberalize the wheat import market, local millers are beginning to explore opportunities to import wheat directly. Niger seed is found mostly in the northern and central highlands at elevations between 1,800 and 2,500 meters. The government mobilized farmers and organized "food for work" projects to build terraces and plant trees. Investments in cotton production, as well as any other agricultural commodity, require considerable due diligence because of a variety of complicated issues, including landownership rights and the potential for conflict. To evaluate the genetic diversity of Ethiopian potato cultivars, and to assess their relationship with germplasm from North America, Europe and the International Potato Center (CIP), 8303 SNP markers were used to characterize 44 local Ethiopian cultivars, as well as . The Ministry of Agriculture (MoA) is the Ethiopian government ministry which oversees the agricultural and rural development policies of Ethiopia on a Federal level. [24] As Ethiopia increasingly experiences the effects of climate change, drought, and desertification, experts predict that "Ethiopia will have to open its markets to grain imports in order to keep up with the growing demand for meat, milk, and eggs.". The economic plan prescribes the following comprehensive measures to overcome the challenges facing the agricultural sector: Enhance productivity of small-holder farmers and pastoralists through provision of modern inputs and services; Develop a legal framework that will allow farmers to lease land and to become shareholders in large commercial farms; Modernize livestock production through improving veterinary infrastructure, research and innovation, and establishing linkages with other industries; Establish effective linkages between agriculture producers and commodity markets as well as the commercial value chain; Encourage private sector investment in agricultural R&D and exploring PPPs to expand medium and large-scale irrigation infrastructure; and. [23], However, herding cattle is one of the agricultural activities that resorts to indentured labor and particularly child labor according to the U.S. Department of Labor. Agriculture is defined as the purposeful tending of animals and plants.It provides: basic food supplies for the population; raw materials like cotton, sugar cane, oil seeds, etc. Skip to Article Content; Skip to Article Information; Search within. Over 60% of Ethiopian coffee is produced as forest coffee . For this to happen, the government will need to guarantee sufficient allocations of foreign exchange. [27], Most of Ethiopia's estimated 48 million sheep and goats are raised by small farmers who used them as a major source of meat and cash income. Three factors contributed to the decline in the relative importance of pulses and oilseeds. In addition, the ten-year development plan aims at boosting agricultural export revenues and substituting imports by reducing production costs. With respect to increasing productivity, the GOE, alongside its international partners, has made a number of interventions to support the development of the agriculture sector. For instance, according to the World Bank between 1980 and 1987 agricultural production dropped at an annual rate of 2.1 percent, while the population grew at an annual rate of 2.4 percent. The process meant not only smaller farms but also the fragmentation of holdings, which were often scattered into small plots to give families land of comparable quality. There are also expanding opportunities for grocery sales to retail and wholesale outlets that are starting to spring up all over Addis Ababa. Amare Getahun's (1978) paper on agricultural systems in Ethiopia is one of the few attempts to classify agricultural systems in Ethiopia into (a) the highland mixed farming system, (b) low plateaux and valley mixed agriculture, (c) pastoral livestock production of the arid and semi-arid zones and (d) commercial agriculture, and to describe the main characteristics of each system. Resultantly there has been significant uptake of resistant wheat varieties among Ethiopian farmers since 2014. Merkebu Getachew. In the highlands, oxen provided draft power in crop production. Production is overwhelmingly of a subsistence nature, and a large part of commodity exports are provided by the small agricultural cash-crop sector. Agriculture is the country's most promising resource management. There are opportunities to process livestock products for both local and export markets. Finally, although the production cost of pulses and oilseeds continued to rise, the government's price control policy left virtually unchanged the official procurement price of these crops, thus substantially reducing net income from them. University students led the land reform movement and campaigned against the government's reluctance to introduce land reform programs and the lack of commitment to integrated rural development. By 1976 coffee exports had recovered, and in the five years ending in 198889, 44% of the coffee grown was exported, accounting for about 63% of the value of exports. As many as 4.6 million people need food assistance annually. Agriculture. Ethiopia's major industries include agriculture, construction, manufacturing, resources and . Agriculture accounted for 50% of GDP, 83.9% of exports, and 80% of the labor force in 2006 and 2007, compared to 44.9%, 76.9% and 80% in 20022003, and agriculture remains the Ethiopian economy's most important sector. It accounts for nearly 80% of the land under cultivation and employs 60% of the rural workforce, most of which work on less than one hectare of land. The soil was equilibrated with pH 7.5 buffer solution whereby reserve H is brought into the solution, which results in depression of pH which will be made and . Ethiopia is home to one of the largest livestock populations in Africa. Causes and Characteristics of Drought in Ethiopia. Grains are the most important field crops and the chief element in the diet of most Ethiopians. This article examines the characteristics of and choice among two production technologies in Ethiopian agriculture, one with fertilizer and the other without, using 1989-90 farm-level data. The agricultural production trends throughout the 1980's up to mid-1990's were characterized by wide fluctuations in total output and weak growth, with grain production increasing at rate of 1.37% annually compared to population growth of 2.9 % (World Bank, 2004). Among the top priorities identified by the GOE include: small and large-scale irrigation development, financing agricultural inputs, increasing productivity of crops and livestock, improving agricultural production methods using mechanization, post-harvest loss reduction, developing a research-based food security system, and natural resource management. In order to reduce the severity of this problem, several agricultural development strategies have been implemented since the 1960's. The farmers continued to utilize their ancient system of production despite changing ecological and population pressures. As a result, vegetable oils are widely used, and oilseed cultivation is an important agricultural activity. Section D. Some of the land targeted for commercial development is considered marginal, prone to conflict, and/or has limited access to water. Public Communication Directorate Tel: +251-116-454441 Fax:+251-116-461294/465412 E-Mail:eiar@eiar.gov.et P.O.Box: 2003 Addis Ababa Ethiopia , Designed & Developed By Yonas T/birhan Recurring drought takes a heavy toll on the animal population, although it is difficult to determine the extent of losses. Years of bi-directional causality were found between agriculture and manufacturing and services sectors before 1975. However, these cattle do relatively well under the traditional production system. Cookies on OCLC websites. A Review of Ethiopian Agriculture Roles Policy and Small Scale Farming . Consequently, the country faced a famine that resulted in the death of nearly 1 million people from 1984 to 1986. Total required investment costs for the IAIPs stand at U.S. $870 million and initial investment costs are estimated at U.S. $266 million. Because of drought, which has repeatedly affected the country since the early 1970s, a poor economic base (low productivity, weak infrastructure, and low level of technology), and overpopulation, the agricultural sector has performed poorly. The beneficial climate in the Highlands of Ethiopia also enabled irrigation and other advanced agricultural technology. With support from the African Development Banks agricultural Technologies for African Agricultural Transformation program. Fresh fruits, including citrus and bananas, as well as fresh and frozen vegetables, became important export items, but their profitability was marginal. The government and the international community are working together to address many of these challenges. . Nonetheless, agricultural output rose by an estimated 3 percent in 199091, almost certainly in response to the relaxation of government regulation. Hence, fewer people send their cattle in transhumance.[29]. [7], During the imperial era, the government failed to implement widespread conservation measures, largely because the country's complex land tenure system stymied attempts to halt soil erosion and improve the land. [7] Multinational agribusinesses supply these industrial poultry farms with high yielding breeds, such as Rhode Island Reds and White Leghorns. The importance of smallholder farming is increasingly recognized in rural areas where increased crop productivity and market participation can effectively improve their dietary diversity and nutrition quality. SPECIFIC CHARACTERISTICS OF AGRICULTURE 2 2.1. Approximately 25% of Ethiopia's population depended directly or indirectly on coffee for its livelihood. In addition, it is hoped that the number of key crops are doubled from 18.1m metric to 39.5m metric tonnes. It is roughly 7 and a half years behind the Gregorian calendar. As such, investment opportunities in feed, genetics and veterinary services and the supporting industries are expected to grow in the coming years. Potato is an increasingly important crop in Ethiopia, but the origin of local cultivars grown throughout the country is unknown. Coffee grows wild in many parts of the country, although most Ethiopian coffee is produced in the Oromia Region (63.7%) and in the SNNPR (34.4%), with lesser amounts in the Gambela Region and around the city of Dire Dawa. Search term. Land tenure rights as well as natural disasters, such as floods, hamper the countrys ability to quickly expand cotton production. Potential opportunities exist for sales of U.S. livestock genetics and chicken meat. Explain the main contribution, potentials, characteristics , and problems of Ethiopian agriculture. Agro-processing, such as beverages, biscuits, bread, milk, meat, chicken, cooking oil, fruit and vegetables, etc. Overall, the economic reform plan sets out required strategic interventions to increase agricultural productivity and modernization of agriculture in the next 10 years. Ethiopia aims to reach lower-middle-income status by 2025. Contagious diseases and parasitic infections are major causes of death, factors that are exacerbated by malnutrition and starvation. In the future, the government intends to work with the private sector to develop capacity to process some of these commodities, like fruits and vegetables, in order to add value and capture higher export prices. However, the expected level was not achieved. The program later facilitated the establishment of similar internationally supported and financed projects at Ada'a Chukala (just south of Addis Ababa), Welamo, and Humera. Livestock and Livestock Characteristics (Private Peasant Holdings) 2020/2021 (2013 E.C.) Ethiopian Agricultural Research Institute (EIAR), Ethiopian Trading Business Corporation (ETBC). It then continues in summarising the main specific characteristics of agriculture: The land use function, the supply and demand characteristics, the contribution of the agricultural sector to the provision of positive externalities and public goods, food as a unique and most essential good and agriculture as a key element for the development of . Source: United Nations Comtrade. The clearing of land for agricultural use and the cutting of trees for fuel gradually changed the scene, and today forest areas have dwindled to less than 4% of Ethiopia's total land. [10], Until the 1974 revolution, Ethiopia had a complex land tenure system, which some have described as feudal. Mengistu and his advisers believed that state farms would produce grain for urban areas, raw materials for domestic industry, and also increase production of cash crops such as coffee to generate badly needed foreign exchange. Barley is cultivated mostly between 2,000 and 3,500 meters in Ethiopia. In 1971 the Ministry of Agriculture introduced the Minimum Package Program (MPP) to bring about economic and social changes. An estimated 85 percent of the population are engaged in agricultural production. The major binding constraints of the sector are insufficient yields due to inefficient provision of inputs and services, unclear land lease rights, limited investment in R&D and irrigation, marketing and logistics related problems, and lack of agriculture-specific financial services. Regional Agricultural Research Centers (RARCs) under the respective regional bureaus of agriculture. Researchers found however that, since transhumance takes place in summer, during school holidays, the transhumance in itself does not affect schooling. Thus, this study aimed at investigating the physiographic characteristics of agricultural lands, farmers . Agriculture as a producer of positive externalities and public goods 2 2.4. Increased production as well as imports are required to close this gap. [10] This has raised fears of food being exported to more prosperous countries while the local population faces its own shortage. Production jumped from 43,500 tons in 197475 to 74,900 tons in 198485. "National Statistical Abstract. ", Table D.2. However, information is lacking in Wolaita, Southern Ethiopia. Agricultural inputs, seeds, machinery and equipment used in cotton production. areas like Punjab, Haryana and Chandigarh, elsewhere it is practiced on traditional lines. Peasant associations often were periodically compelled to redistribute land to accommodate young families or new households moving into their area. The market for agriculture in Ethiopia is projected to register a CAGR of 5.4% during the forecast period, 2021-2026). Much of the food deficit was covered through food aid. [7], Ethiopia's coffee is almost exclusively of the arabica type, which grows best at altitudes between 1,000 and 2,000 meters. This is a best prospect industry sector for this country. Production Efficiency and Agricultural Technologies in the Ethiopian Agriculture Introduction Inability to produce adequate food is the major problem of most less developed countries (LDCS). Yet, information regarding its extent, distribution, causes, and lime requirement at a scale relevant to subsistence farming systems is still lacking. Among the overall agricultural output produced by an Ethiopian family farm, only 21 percent are sold, highlighting the subsistence-oriented nature of the country's smallholders. Food as a most essential good 3 2.5. The 1977 famine also provided an impetus to promote conservation. However, despite substantial investments and subsidies, State Farms provided only 4.2% of the cereal production in 198889. Because most of the lowlands lack adequate rainfall, cotton cultivation depends largely on irrigation. One way the government is hoping to improve cotton yields is with Genetically Engineered (GE) cotton. The Ethiopian Socioeconomic Survey (ESS) is a collaborative project between the Central Statistics Agency of Ethiopia (CSA) and the World Bank Living Standards Measurement Study- Integrated Surveys on Agriculture (LSMS-ISA) team. Some of these products, especially the textiles, apparel, leather goods, and finished meat products are targeted for export markets in order to generate foreign exchange. Ploughing the land using these tools is ambiguous and time-consuming. fINTENSIVE FARMING. It is cultivated principally by the Gurage, Sidama, and several other ethnic groups in the region. "National Statistical Abstract. In addition, some of Ethiopias cash crops show potential for growth and offer possible investment opportunities in areas such as coffee, oilseeds, pulses, fruits and vegetables, honey, cut flowers, tea, and spices. [27], Poultry farming is widely practiced in Ethiopia; almost every farmstead keeps some poultry for consumption and for cash sale. In Ethiopia 95% of the total area is cultivated by smallholder farmers and contribute 90% of the total agricultural output. According to government statistics, there are approximately 50 million cattle, 50 million goats and sheep, plus an assortment of horses, donkeys, camels and chickens. Individual poultry farms supply eggs and meat to urban dwellers. In Ethiopia, agricultural export development is done in livestock, grains, vegetables, fruits, and fruits. Because of low rainfall, these soils have limited agricultural potential, except in some areas where rainfall is sufficient for the growth of natural forage at certain times of the year. Ethiopia's crop agriculture is complex, involving substantial variation in crops grown across the country's different regions and ecologies. Milk and dairy processing, and supporting equipment and systems. Role Agriculture in Ethiopian economy. Area, Production and Farm Management Practices (Private Peasant Holdings, Belg Season) 2020/2021 (2013 E.C.) They are sticky when wet, hard when dry, and difficult to work. Principal crops include coffee, pulses (e.g., beans), oilseeds, cereals, potatoes, sugarcane, and vegetables. Despite the emphasis on state farms, state farm production accounted for only 6% of total agricultural output in 1987 (although meeting 65% of urban needs), leaving peasant farmers responsible for over 90% of production. It has also enjoyed a considerable attention by the government. According to the Economist Intelligence Unit (EIU), Ethiopia's GDP growth rate will increase by around 7.8% to 10% by 2023. An estimated 85 percent of the . [12], In addition to smaller productions of other agricultural products.[13]. [7], Cattle in Ethiopia are almost entirely of the zebu type and are poor sources of milk and meat. There is considerable room for investment when considering that about 95 percent of Ethiopias crop production is rain fed. Second, because peasants faced food shortages, they gave priority to cereal staples to sustain themselves. Title. In the coming decades, ensuring food security is one of the greatest challenges in Ethiopia. More details on the latest grain and oilseeds situation in Ethiopia can be found in our Grain & Feed and our Oilseeds Reports. There may also be future opportunities for equipment and systems to process these commodities. Almost the entire rural population was involved in some way with animal husbandry, whose role included the provision of draft power, food, cash, transportation, fuel, and, especially in pastoral areas, social prestige. [7], Ensete, known locally as false banana, is an important food source in Ethiopia's southern and southwestern highlands. Excluding the Afar and Somali Regions, there were approximately 47.5 million cattle, 26.1 million sheep, 21.7 million goats, 2.1 million horses and mules, 5.6 million donkeys, 1 million camels, and 39.6 million poultry. Agriculture >. [7], As of 2008[update], some countries that import most of their food, such as Saudi Arabia, had begun planning the development of large tracts of arable land in developing countries such as Ethiopia. [7], Pulses are the second most important element in the national diet and a principal protein source. Background and Objective: Detailed characterization of bio-physical resources in agricultural landscapes and documenting locally used soil fertility management practices is required for developing site-specific management scenarios in the study area. ", Tables D.4 D.7. Mia MacDonald and Justine Simon (2010) Climate, Food Security, & Growth: Ethiopia's Complex Relationship with Livestock. [7], Wheat stem rust threatens the Ethiopian harvest every year and recently that especially means Ug99. In the case of the textile and apparel sector, a shortage of locally-produced cotton suggests a need for cotton imports, including from the United States. [16] In 20062007 (the latest year available), exports of oilseeds accounted for 15.78% of export earnings (or million 187.4 Birr) and pulses 5.92% (or 70.3 million Birr). Under the Homegrown Economic Reform Program,the GOE intends to make the textile and apparel industry one of the economic engines that will propel future growth. The increased production coming from existing and anticipated investments in the local agro-processing sector, as well as imports, are expected to help satisfy this growing demand. Yet agriculture is the country's most promising resource. This method was widely used in Ethiopia and southern Ethiopia because it is recommended for soils requiring more than one ton of lime per acre and soils with a pH of less than 5.8 [15]. [7], While efforts are being made to intensify and industrialize the sector, questions arise as to how Ethiopia can develop and expand its livestock population when Ethiopians already struggle to gain access to good soil, grazing land, and water. @article{Haile1988CausesAC, title={Causes and Characteristics of Drought in Ethiopia. Demand for vegetables has stimulated truck farming around the main urban areas such as Addis Ababa and Asmera. Section D. [7], Ethiopia's demand for grain continued to increase because of population pressures, while supply remained short, largely because of drought and government agricultural policies, such as price controls, which adversely affected crop production. y's natural potential, the agricultural performance remains weak; high dependency on rain-fed The government nationalized rural land without compensation, abolished tenancy, forbade the hiring of wage labor on private farms, ordered all commercial farms to remain under state control, and granted each peasant family so-called "possessing rights" to a plot of land not to exceed ten hectares. [7] In EFY 20072008, the CSA reported that 17,827,387.94 quintals of pulses were produced on 1,517,661.93 hectares, an increase from the 15,786,215.3 quintals produced on 1,379,045.77 hectares. In addition to wheat, the demand for oilseeds, such as soybeans and Niger seed, is expected to grow as Ethiopias demand for both cooking oil and livestock feed increases. [31] ploughing the land to soften the land takes three months and from sowing and seedling to the harvesting of the crops requires three to four months. Ethiopia Socioeconomic Survey Wave1, 2011-2012. <i>Methods</i>. Industrial Parks Development Corporation (IPDC), Textile Industry Development Institute (ETIDI), Ethiopian Cotton Producer, Ginners, and Exporters Association (ECPGEA). [7], In 1984 the founding congress of the Workers' Party of Ethiopia (WPE) emphasized the need for a coordinated strategy based on socialist principles to accelerate agricultural development. Ethiopia has an extremely diverse topography, climate, culture, population distribution and market access. In the late nineteenth century, about 30% of Ethiopia was covered with forest. Ethiopias development plan has laid out enhancing agricultural production and productivity as one of the major strategic pillars. Consequently, individual holdings were frequently far smaller than the permitted maximum allotment of ten hectares. 2. Furthermore, the ten-year plan envisages to build a climate resilient green economy. Commercial Imports from the United States, Source: USDA/Foreign Agriculture Service, Addis Ababa, (Total market size = (total local production + imports) - exports). Food production had consistently declined throughout the 1980s. Put in perspective, Ethiopia's key agricultural sector has grown at an annual . Textile and apparel manufacturing and equipment. ", Table D.1.1, "The Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia: Statistical Appendix", p. 26. This government-led outreach, combined with low labor and electricity costs, has already yielded fruits with a number of Turkish, Indian, Chinese, Indonesian and other foreign firms opening businesses in Ethiopia in recent years. In addition, the GOE is looking to the agro-processing sector (also a best prospect sector detailed below) as one engine to spur future economic growth. In June, 1997, the Ethiopian Agricultural Research Organization (EARO), today's Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research (EIAR) was established and merged all the existing agricultural research institutions which included: 1. Agriculture in Ethiopia is the foundation of the country's economy, accounting for half of gross domestic product (GDP), 83.9% of exports, and 80% of total employment. To make matters worse, during the 1972-74 drought and famine the imperial government refused to assist rural Ethiopians and tried to cover up the crisis by refusing international aid. Lake Tana Subbasin's Economy and The Role of Natural Resources -- 22. The Government of Ethiopia (GOE) has embarked on a ten-year economic development plan (2021-2030) where agriculture is on the top of priority sectors. Our web pages use cookiesinformation about how you interact with the site. (2013). At the moment, there are a few U.S. and foreign firms that have partnered with local companies in the milk business, which has considerable room for growth, as milk consumption is still very low. In addition to red meat, there are emerging opportunities in chicken, egg, and dairy production and processing. Farmers' group formation accompanies the reform process. Characteristics and challenges of the Ethiopian highlands farming systems. While, Gebreyesus and Kirubel (2009) reported that the heavy reliance of some 85 percent of Ethiopia's growing population on an exploitative kind of subsistence agriculture is a major reason behind the current state of land degradation. Brighter Green, 6. Some informal trade is most likely occurring in production areas located along borders. Last edited on 21 February 2023, at 19:04, Southern Nations, Nationalities, and People's Region, Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research, List of Goods Produced by Child Labor or Forced Labor.
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characteristics of ethiopian agriculture